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عنوان: آناتومی گری
نویسنده: ریچارد دریک - وین ووگل - آدام میچل
ویراست: سوم– 2014
تعداد صفحات: 1187
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بادشکنها یک جزء سازنده اصلی روشهای کشاورزی موفق در تمام جهان هستند .(2)
و شامل یک یا چند ردیف از درختان ، درختچه ها یا دیگر گیاهانی است که در مناطق زیادی به عنوان عامل مؤثری در کاهش اثرات منفی باد به کار می رود .
(Van eimern 1959 ; Van eimern et.al.1946;Rosenbery 1983 )
و باعث بهبود میرو کلیما برای رشد بهتر محصول می شوند .(12)
(Brown and Rosenbery 1972; Marshall . 1967 ; and Rosenbery 1983).
آنها شامل درختان و درختچه های چند ساله ویا دائمی ، پرچینهای چوبی و یا مواد دیگری هستند . بادشکنها از خانه ها ، محصولات و دام ها محافظت کرده و از فرسایش بادی و دمیدن برف جلوگیری کرده و زیستگاهی را برای حیات وحش به وجود آورده و همچنین کشاورزی طبیعی را افزایش می دهد . منشاء آنها به سال 1400 میلادی زمانی که مجلس اسکاتلند نوارهایی از درختان را برای محافظت از تولیدات کشاورزی کاشت برمی گردد . (Droze 1977 ) .
از آن زمان کاشت درختان بادشکن به طور وسیعی در سراسر جهان به کار برده شد.(2)
(Cleugh et.al.2002 ; Brand et.al.1977 ; caborn 1971)
کاشت درختان بادشکن به عنوان راه ، ساختمان خراب خاک را بهبود می بخشد و تولید محصولات کشاورزی ، چراگاه و باروی حیوانات را بطور معنی داری بهتر می کند.(1)
بادشکن ها در مزارع یک ابزار مهم برای زراعت در مناطق نیمه خشک هستند اما معمولاً استفاده نمی شوند : یکی از دلایلی که از بادشکن استفاده نمی شود کمبود اطلاعات راجع به فواید و هزینه های تأسیس و نگهداری آنها می باشد .(10)
ارزیابی زمینها برای کاشت درختان بادشکن در منطقه مرکزی شمال ایالت متحده نشان داد که در بیشتر از 90 میلیون هکتار محصول در منطقه ، تنها حدود 3 میلیون هکتار توسط بادشکن محافظت می شوند و بیش از 12 میلیون هکتار پتانسیل استفاده از بادشکن را دارند .(10) (Brandle et .al. 1992 b)
کشاورزان معمولاً بر این باورند که درختها ، زمینهای قابل دسترس برای کاشت محصولات را کم نمایند و پناهگاهی برای حشرات و پرندگان می باشند که باعث خسارت به محصول می شوند .(13) (Clarke and thaman , 2006 )
کاشت درختان بادشکن در مناطق بیابانی می تواند اثرات منفی بیابان را کاهش دهد . زیرا زمین های زراعی در بیابان با ماسه پوشیده می شوند که این باعث کاهش قدرت تولیدی زمین می شود و در نتیجه کشاورزی سودی ندارد . بنابراین در این مناطق بیابانی کشاورزی رونقی نداشته و کشاورزان پیشه اصلی خود را ترک کرده و برای کشاورزان روستاهای دیگر کارگری کرده و یا به شهرها مهاجرت می کنند .(13)
درختان بادشکن اثر مثبتی روی قدرت تولیدی زمین داشته و حاصلخیزی خاک را کمتر کاهش می دهد . مزارعی که نزدیک بادشکن هستند کمتر تحت تأثیر بیابان زایی واقع شده و در نتیجه تولیدات کشاورزی بالاتری را بدست می آورند .(13)
مکانیزم های اصلی بادشکن
* حفاظت محصول ها از خسارات فیزیکی .(11)(15)
* حفاظت خاک .(11)(9 )(15)
* افزایش رطوبت خاک به وسیله نگهداری برف .(11)
* کاهش فرسایش بادی .(11)(9 )(15)
* بهبود میکروکلیما .(11)(9 )(15)
* کاهش وقایعی از قبیل ماسه پاشی ورس .(1)
* تهیه پناهگاه (1) برای ساختمانها ، دام ها و تفرجگاه ها .(14)(15)
* متعادل کردن سرعت باد ، هدایت باد و تلاطم جریان هوا .( 1)
* مدیریت برف . (15)
* افزایش زیستگاه طبیعت وحشی .(15)
* تهیه حفاظی برای کاهش آلودگی صوتی .(15)
* تهیه حفاظی برای مناظر دیدنی زندگی .(15)
* تهیه مانعی علیه ذرات شیمیایی که توسط هوا منتقل می شوند .(15)
* مشخص کردن محدوده مزرعه .(15)
* بهبود راندمان آبیاری .(15)
* افزایش زیبایی ها .(15)
* افزایش کربن ذخیره شده .(15)
* اثرات مستقیم مکانیکی باد .(11, 11)
فرسایش بادی ، ماسه پاشی ، تدفین بذرها و گیاهچه ها ، فقر مواد غذایی ، خسارت گیاه ، خسارت میوه ، ورس ، پارگی و ریزش برگ ، سائیدگی و تغییرات مورفولوژیکی مانند تغییر در شکل برگ ، طول و رشد ساقه
اثرات میکروکلیمایی بادشکنها (1)
سایه اندازی از تابش مستقیم خورشیدی و صید امئاج بلند ، تبادل تلاطم گرما ، بخار آب و co2
گردش آب و مواد غذایی در سیستم بادشکن – محصول / چراگاه – خاک
رقابت برای آب و مواد غذایی
جزئی بندی ما بین خاک و تبخیر گیاه و اثرش روی راندمان مصرف آب فصلی برخی از اثرات بادشکن ها به طور افزایشی در همه زمان عمل می کنند در حالی که برخی دیگر ممکن است تنها به طور دوره ای رخ دهند اگر چه اثرشان می تواند فاجعه آمیز باشد . وقایع آب و هوایی بزرگ از قبیل ورس محصول در اثر یک طوفان سخت یک اثر دوره ای بادشکن است .(1)
تابش خورشید
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SQL SERVER 2016
Greetings! With Microsoft SQL Server 2016, a variety of new features and enhancements to the data platform deliver breakthrough performance, advanced security, and richer, integrated reporting and analytics capabilities. In this preview ebook, by Stacia Varga, Joseph D’Antoni, and Denny Cherry, we introduce you to several of these changes that you can experience for yourself in Community Technology Preview 3.2. We start by introducing three new security features that you can use to protect your data: Always Encrypted, Row-Level Security, and dynamic data masking. Then we describe significant database engine enhancements that enable you to better manage performance and storage: TempDB configuration, query store, and Stretch Database. Last, we review several improvements to Reporting Services, including new data visualizations, support for mobile reports and key performance indicators, and subscription enhancements, to name a few. In each of these areas, we review the key concepts you need to understand before using these features and describe the steps necessary to get started so you can quickly experience the benefits of SQL Server 2016 firsthand.
Contents
Chapter 2 Better security ........................................................................................................................ 1
Always Encrypted ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Getting started with Always Encrypted ...................................................................................................................... 1
Creating a table with encrypted values ...................................................................................................................... 7
CREATE TABLE statement for encrypted columns ................................................................................................. 7
Migrating existing tables to Always Encrypted ....................................................................................................... 9
Row-Level Security ............................................................................................................................................................... 11
Creating inline table functions .................................................................................................................................... 11
Creating security policies .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Using block predicates ................................................................................................................................................... 15
Dynamic data masking ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
Dynamic data masking of a new table .................................................................................................................... 16
Dynamic data masking of an existing table .......................................................................................................... 16
Understanding dynamic data masking and permissions ................................................................................. 17
Masking encrypted values ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Using dynamic data masking in SQL Database.................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 3 Higher availability ............................................................................................................... 20
AlwaysOn Availability Groups .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Supporting disaster recovery with basic availability groups........................................................................... 21
Using group Managed Service Accounts ............................................................................................................... 23
Triggering failover at the database level ................................................................................................................ 23
Supporting distributed transactions ......................................................................................................................... 24
Scaling out read workloads .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Defining automatic failover targets .......................................................................................................................... 26
Reviewing the improved log transport performance ........................................................................................ 27
Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview high-availability enhancements .................................................... 28
Creating workgroup clusters ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Configuring a cloud witness ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Using Storage Spaces Direct ....................................................................................................................................... 32 v
Introducing site-aware failover clusters .................................................................................................................. 33
Windows Server Failover Cluster logging .............................................................................................................. 33
Performing rolling cluster operating system upgrades .................................................................................... 33
Chapter 4 Improved database engine ................................................................................................ 35
TempDB enhancements ..................................................................................................................................................... 35
Configuring data files for TempDB ........................................................................................................................... 36
Eliminating specific trace flags .................................................................................................................................... 37
Query Store ............................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Enabling Query Store...................................................................................................................................................... 38
Understanding Query Store components .............................................................................................................. 39
Reviewing information in the query store .............................................................................................................. 40
Using Force Plan ............................................................................................................................................................... 42
Managing the query store ............................................................................................................................................ 43
Tuning with the query store ........................................................................................................................................ 44
Stretch Database ................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Understanding Stretch Database architecture ..................................................................................................... 45
Security and Stretch Database .................................................................................................................................... 45
Identifying tables for Stretch Database ................................................................................................................... 46
Configuring Stretch Database ..................................................................................................................................... 47
Monitoring Stretch Database ...................................................................................................................................... 48
Backup and recovery with Stretch Database ......................................................................................................... 49
Chapter 6 More analytics ...................................................................................................................... 50
Tabular enhancements ....................................................................................................................................................... 50
Accessing more data sources with DirectQuery .................................................................................................. 51
Modeling with a DirectQuery source ....................................................................................................................... 51
Working with calculated tables .................................................................................................................................. 54
Bidirectional cross-filtering .......................................................................................................................................... 56
Writing formulas ............................................................................................................................................................... 60
Introducing new DAX functions ................................................................................................................................. 60
Using variables in DAX ................................................................................................................................................... 63
R integration ........................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Installing and configuring R Services ....................................................................................................................... 64
Getting started with R Services ................................................................................................................................... 65
Using an R Model in SQL Server ................................................................................................................................ 74
Chapter 7 Better reporting ................................................................................................................... 77
Report content types ........................................................................................................................................................... 77
Paginated report development enhancements ........................................................................................................ 77
Introducing changes to paginated report authoring tools ............................................................................. 78 vi
Exploring new data visualizations .............................................................................................................................. 79
Managing parameter layout in paginated reports ............................................................................................. 84
Mobile report development ............................................................................................................................................. 85
KPI development ................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Report access enhancements .......................................................................................................................................... 86
Accessing reports with modern browsers .............................................................................................................. 86
Viewing reports on mobile devices........................................................................................................................... 88
Printing without ActiveX ................................................................................................................................................ 88
Exporting to PowerPoint ............................................................................................................................................... 90
Pinning reports to Power BI ......................................................................................................................................... 92
Managing subscriptions ................................................................................................................................................ 93
About the authors ............................................................................................................................. 96
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American Philosophy
Narrativity, Modernity, and Tragedy:How Pragmatism Educates Humanity
Sami PihlströmUniversity of Helsinkisami.pihlstrom@helsinki.fi
ABSTRACT: I argue that the modernist notion of a human self (or subject) cannot easily be post-modernistically rejected because the need to view an individual life as a unified ‘narrative’ with a beginning and an end (death) is a condition for asking humanly important questions about its meaningfulness (or meaninglessness). Such questions are central to philosophical anthropology. However, not only modern ways of making sense of life, such as linear narration in literature, but also premodern ones such as tragedy, ought to be taken seriously in reflecting on these questions. The tradition of pragmatism has tolerated this plurality of the frameworks in terms of which we can interpret or ‘structure’ the world and our lives as parts of it. It is argued that pragmatism is potentially able to accommodate both the plurality of such interpretive frameworks—premodern, modern, postmodern—and the need to evaluate those frameworks normatively. We cannot allow any premodern source of human meaningfulness whatsoever (say, astrology) to be taken seriously. Avoiding relativism is, then, a most important challenge for the pragmatist.
1. The idea that "grand metanarratives" are dead is usually regarded as the key to the cultural phenomenon known as postmodernism. We have been taught to think that the Enlightenment notions of reason, rationality, knowledge, truth, objectivity, and self have become too old-fashioned to be taken seriously any longer. There is no privileged "God's-Eye-View" available for telling big, important stories about these notions. The cultural hegemony of science and systematic philosophy, in particular, is over.
Nevertheless, as even some postmodern thinkers themselves keep on insisting, we still have to be committed to the grand narrative of our individual life.(1) We cannot really dispense with the modernist notion of self, and the one who says we can forgets who she or he is. From the point of view of our own life, no postmodern death of the subject can take place. On the contrary, my death transcends my life; it is not an experienceable event of my life—as Wittgenstein also famously pointed out at Tractatus 6.4311. Most (perhaps all) of us feel that one's own death is hardly even conceivable from within one's life.
On the other hand, somewhat paradoxically, death must be postulated as the imaginary end point, the final event, of the story of my life. If there were no death (i.e., the annihilation of my self) to be expected, I could not even realize that I am leading a specific, spatio-temporally restricted human life. The fact that death is awaiting for me, even if I cannot fully understand what it is all about, enables me to think about my life as a coherent whole with a beginning and an end. Only with respect to such a life can the question of "meaning" or "significance" arise.
It seems, then, that no postmodernist talk about the disappearance of the subject, connected with the distrust felt toward grand narratives, can force us to give up this meta-level fact about our life. We might perhaps even say, echoing Kant, that the inescapability of death is a necessary "transcendental condition" of a meaningful (or, for that matter, meaningless) life. Human life as we know it is intelligible only under the circumstances in which death inevitably puts an end to it. Without death, our lives would be something entirely different, something about which we can have no clear conception whatsoever—not from the point of view of our present human condition, at least.
Death, then, plays a decisive role in the modern human being's understanding of her or his life as a unified narrative. Let us explore the essentially modern notion of narrativity in some more detail. It is a central element of the modern outlook, of our typically modern conception of personal identity, to employ this notion in making sense of our lives. The modern person, often without noticing it, conceives of her or his life as a "story", and this narrativist attitude to life has been conceptualized in various ways in the history of modern thought (cf. Taylor 1989). To see one's life as a linear progression from a starting point, through various phases (corresponding to adventures in a novel), up to its final page, death, is to be a modern person. To go postmodern is to break this chain of narration, as in self-conscious fiction, in which the story itself somehow "knows", and shows that it knows, that it is only a fictional story. The postmodern person could, or such a person thinks that she or he could, understand that the subjective life she or he leads is not really the life of a single, unified subject. Then, apparently, such a "subject" would not be a person in any normal sense of the term.
I am not simply suggesting that we should not at all attempt to go postmodern in this sense. The "antihumanist" French (as well as American) thinkers have had many insightful things to say about the ways in which the modern subject is constituted in terms of the social and political structures (e.g., power relations) which make life-narratives possible in the first place—instead of being the fully autonomous center of its life we are (modernistically) inclined to think it is. Furthermore, interesting post-structuralist developments of these investigations have been pursued. Some are still emerging. Yet, from the point of view of an individual human being living in her or his natural and cultural environment, there can be no total disappearance of the subject any more than there can be a total disappearance of all acting characters in a literary narrative. Narratives are about actions—usually about human actions in some problematic circumstances. There simply is no way for us humans to remove this fact of humanity. To do so would require that we turn into beings quite different from what we in fact are. As long as our life is intelligible to us, we will presumably be unable to fail to see ourselves as characters in a narrative, acting in the midst of the problems our environment throws against our face. Even the postmodernist writers themselves, whose work I am unable to comment upon here in any detail, must view themselves as subjects engaging in the intentional action of writing postmodernist prose.
It is, in fact, somewhat ironical that postmodernist philosophers and sociologists of science—for example, Joseph Rouse (1996) in his recent book—strongly emphasize the need to take seriously the narrative aspect of science, thus employing an inherently modernist notion in apologizing for postmodernism. "Modernist" philosophers of science need not necessarily oppose the idea that science, like any other human practice, is partly